Skin Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types and PET-CT

Skin cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide, resulting from the abnormal growth of skin cells. It typically develops on skin exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, arms, and legs, but it can also appear on areas that are not regularly exposed. Skin cancer can be detected early with proper awareness, and diagnostic tools like PET-CT scans are essential in understanding the spread and severity of the disease. Early detection and accurate staging play a key role in effective treatment and improved survival rates.

What is Skin Cancer?

Skin cancer occurs when mutations in the DNA of skin cells cause them to multiply uncontrollably. The most common types of skin cancer include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma, with melanoma being the most aggressive and dangerous form. While many skin cancers are curable when caught early, some types can spread to other parts of the body, requiring thorough evaluation using advanced imaging like PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography).

Types of Skin Cancer

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

• Most common and least aggressive
• Arises from the basal cells in the skin’s lower epidermis
• Rarely spreads but can cause local tissue damage

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

• Develops in the flat cells on the surface of the skin
• Can metastasize if not treated early
• Often found on sun-exposed areas like ears, lips, and hands

Melanoma

• Most dangerous and aggressive type of skin cancer
• Begins in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells)
• Has high potential to spread (metastasize) to lymph nodes and internal organs

What Are the Symptoms of Skin Cancer?

• A new mole or a change in an existing mole
• A sore that doesn’t heal
• Reddish or irritated patches of skin
• Shiny bumps or nodules
• Flat, scaly, or crusty lesions
• Dark spots or streaks under nails or on the soles and palms

What Causes Skin Cancer?

• Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds
• Fair skin, light eyes, and red or blonde hair
• History of sunburns
• Weakened immune system
• Genetic predisposition or family history of skin cancer
• Exposure to toxic substances such as arsenic
• Presence of multiple atypical moles

How is Skin Cancer Diagnosed?

• Dermatoscopy and physical examination of skin lesions
• Skin biopsy to confirm malignancy
• Blood tests (for certain types like melanoma)
• Imaging tests, especially in advanced stages or suspected metastasis:

• PET-CT scan
• MRI
• CT scan
• Ultrasound

Role of PET-CT in Skin Cancer Diagnosis and Management

PET-CT scan for skin cancer is a powerful tool in detecting and staging advanced skin cancer, particularly melanoma. It helps identify metastasis and assess treatment response. Here’s how it helps:

• Staging skin cancer, especially melanoma
• Detecting lymph node involvement or distant spread
• Identifying recurrence after treatment
• Guiding radiation therapy or surgical planning
• Monitoring response to chemotherapy or immunotherapy
• Locating occult lesions that may not be seen on regular scans

Who Should Consider a PET-CT Scan for Skin Cancer?

Doctors may recommend a PET-CT scan for skin cancer in the following cases:

• Diagnosed melanoma with suspected spread
• Large, aggressive squamous or basal cell carcinoma
• Recurrence of skin cancer symptoms after treatment
• Suspected metastasis to lymph nodes or organs
• Preoperative planning for surgical resection
• Evaluation before or during systemic therapy

Conclusion

Skin cancer is a growing concern due to increased sun exposure and changes in environmental conditions. While most skin cancers are highly treatable when detected early, aggressive types like melanoma require timely diagnosis and staging. PET-CT scans for skin cancer play a vital role in identifying hidden metastases, guiding treatment, and improving overall patient outcomes. Recognizing early signs, protecting skin from UV radiation, and seeking timely medical care are crucial in the fight against skin cancer.